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James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, andĀ Patrick NaughtonĀ initiated the Java language project in June 1991.Ā Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time.[12]Ā The language was initially calledĀ Oakafter anĀ oak treeĀ that stood outside Goslingās office; it went by the nameĀ GreenĀ later, and was later renamedĀ Java, from a list of random words.Ā Gosling aimed to implement aĀ virtual machineĀ and a language that had a familiarĀ C/C++Ā style of notation.
Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995. It promised āWrite Once, Run Anywhereā (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popularĀ platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run JavaĀ appletsĀ within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. With the advent ofĀ Java 2Ā (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998ā1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. For example,Ā J2EEĀ targeted enterprise applications and the greatly stripped-down versionĀ J2MEĀ for mobile applications (Mobile Java).Ā J2SEĀ designated the Standard Edition. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed newĀ J2Ā versions asĀ Java EE,Ā Java ME, andĀ Java SE, respectively.
In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached theĀ ISO/IEC JTC1Ā standards body and later theĀ Ecma InternationalĀ to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process.Ā Java remains aĀ de factoĀ standard, controlled through theĀ Java Community Process.Ā At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite theirĀ proprietary softwareĀ status. Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System. Sun distinguishes between itsĀ Software Development Kit (SDK)Ā andĀ Runtime Environment (JRE)(a subset of the SDK); the primary distinction involves the JREās lack of the compiler, utility programs, and header files.
On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of Java asĀ open source softwareĀ under the terms of theĀ GNU General Public LicenseĀ (GPL). On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of Javaās core code available underĀ free software/open-source distribution terms, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright.
Sunās vice-president Rich Green has said that Sunās ideal role with regards to Java is as an āevangelist.ā
FollowingĀ Oracle Corporationās acquisition of Sun Microsystems in 2009ā2010, Oracle has described itself as the āsteward of Java technology with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparencyā.
Principles
There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language:
It should be āsimple, object oriented, and familiarā.
It should be ārobust and secureā.
It should be āarchitecture neutral and portableā.
It should execute with āhigh performanceā.
It should be āinterpreted, threaded, and dynamicā.
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